Microsoft Corporation Developing Good And Reliable Software

Company Overview Microsoft Corporation (Microsoft) strides forward as they are currently the third most valuable company in the world. (Zachary, 2015) The company managed to play one of the biggest roles in the revolution and the introduction to advanced technology. Microsoft is known for developing good and reliable software for their clients, which are necessary for corporate infrastructure, running machines, databases, accounting, or even security. (Zachary, 2015) The simplicity of understanding what their products are for has allowed Microsoft to be successful. Just like most companies, Microsoft has had its rises and falls but has managed to become a billion dollar company and software worldwide leader. History In 1975 two best friends from Seattle, Bill Gates, and Paul G. Allen formed the company Microsoft. The company was founded in Albuquerque, New Mexico when Gates and Allen were only 19 and 22. The company began by converting and refining BASIC (a mainframe computer language) and creating other programming languages. In 1980, the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) asked Microsoft to develop the operating system for their first personal computer. Microsoft then bought another operating system from a company, altered it and named it the MS-DOS. Their operating system was released on the IBM PC in 1981, which lead to most manufacturers using MS-DOS as their devices operating system. By the early 1990 s, Microsoft sold well over 100 million copiesShow MoreRelatedSql Server Vs Oracle : Sql1511 Words   |  7 PagesBackground of Microsoft SQL Server: Microsoft SQL Server is a Relational Database management system that was developed by Microsoft. They have developed many editions of Microsoft SQL Server to satisfy different set of people and their workloads ranging from single machine application to large applications with many concurrent users. The primary query languages used by Microsoft SQL Server are T-SQL and ANSI SQL. SQL Server 2014 is the latest edition that was release by Microsoft during April 2014Read MoreThe Virtual Size The World Wide Web1090 Words   |  5 Pagesfield incredibly fast, technology. We have developed so much technology that there is no telling the virtual size the World Wide Web. A lot of software has been invented and written to try and contribute to organizing this ungodly number of pages, texts, music, pictures and videos. The Search engines came to life and became a billion dollar industry once a reliable, user friendly version made it to customers. Giant companies invest giant money into these b usinesses and aspire to branch out to a lot moreRead MoreMicrosoft Corporation Case Analysis7309 Words   |  30 PagesSynopsis Microsoft Corporation is a worldwide company that creates and supplies several different software packages, maintains a number of Internet sites, and develops computer hardware. 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In the meantime, maybe CA still needs to spend time on maintaining current mainframe and its clients’ data. If CA want to keep its mainframeRead MoreMicrosoft s Operating Systems ( Os )2774 Words   |  12 Pageschanges Microsoft’s OS have been through, preliminary from the first OS to the latest. Microsoft’s initially OS MS-DOS 1.0 was released with IBM’s PC in 1981 which contained numerous of other Microsoft products such as BASIC and COBOL. IBM permitted Microsoft to retain the rights this OS and so Microsoft was presented to the Operating System business. New versions of MS-DOS were available from 1982 up till its final version 7.1 in 1997. Some of these features improved as the updates came out

The Values Of The Christian Tradition - 9036 Words

21 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK School of Education Bethel University MCKENZIE, TENNESSEE Our Vision Guided by the values of the Christian tradition, the education faculty encourages students to seek fulfillment in their personal, social, and religious lives. We provide the tools for developing integrity, leadership skills, and the desire to search for truth and knowledge throughout life. We promote critical thinking, effective communication, appreciation of cultural diversity, and we encourage the rejection of bigotry and intolerance. At Bethel, we seek to promote in all members of the university community a constructive participation in social change and a commitment to service of others at the university, in the local area, throughout the church and in the wider world. In addition, we encourage all our members to understand and respect our social order, the natural world, our Creator, and ourselves. This caring community reflects the trust, love, patience and forgiveness consistent with the spirit of Jesus Christ as it builds relationships among our students, faculty, and staff. Our Mission The mission of Bethel University is to create opportunities for members of the learning community to develop to their highest potential as whole persons-intellectually, spiritually, socially, and physically in a Christian environment. Definitions By the words, create opportunities, the University offers the means for persons to have choices and optionsShow MoreRelatedThe Four Pillars Of Christian Theology Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesI take in Christian theology or history I always seem to learn something new and interesting. I will be discussing just three topics about Christianity that I had previously not known before starting this course. So far three have stuck out to me as memorable these are the elements and types of tradition, The Quadria, and the importance of St. Paul. The elements and types of tradition were a topic of discussion I was not aware of however; I was aware of the four pillars of Christian theology. TheRead MoreThe Influence Of Ecumenical Movements And Interfaith Dialogue1585 Words   |  7 Pagesdialogue are of great importance as they have had a significant contribution towards harmony, acceptance and unity between Christian sects, world religions and society in general. The establishment of both religious movements was due to the viciousness of the Second World War and the distress, which was present in humanity at the time. The two religious initiatives hold great value due to the effect they had on Australia post-World War II; they aim and work towards increasing peace, cooperation, dialogueRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1315 Words   |  6 PagesMissionaries are a group of Christians whom are on a religious mission. Their sole purpose is to promote their religion in foreign countries. They ‘preach the gospel to all creation. ...and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit’ (Matthew 28:18-20). One of the places the Missionaries had travelled to is Africa. Both The River Between and Things Fall Apart were written during the independence period of Africa. Achebe’s novel, ThingsRead MoreHeritage Assessment Tool: Evaluation of Different Cultures and Individual Views of Health1326 Words   |  6 Pagesand the author’s own personal cultural beliefs from perspectives of health traditions, maintenance, promotion and restoration of health. The objectives are to identify different families and the own common health traditions based of the cultural heritage. Evaluate and discuss how the families ascribe to traditions and practices. The evaluation of these different cultures reveal similarities and differences in traditions that may help provide holistic optimal health delivery. The definition ofRead MoreThe Philosophical Theological Themes Discussed During The First Half Of The Course1218 Words   |  5 Pagesneed to bring about justice and to help humanity prevail. We can note the acknowledgement of the importance of service in various different Tradition’s that fall under the Christian Tradition such as the Orthodox Tradition, the Catholic Tradition, the Pentecostal Tradition, the Protestant Tradition as well as the Jesuit Tradition. Simplicity is also an adhered to trait in Christianity that is highly encouraged in the form of being self-effacing in nature and austere in living. However, although simplicityRead MoreChristian Philosophy Of Christian Theology935 Words   |  4 Pagesessay will compare different approaches in Christian theology to philosophy to see which study was more influential in our individual development. Christian theology is the study of Christian beliefs. There are four sources for this study including scripture, tradition, reasoning and experience. Scriptures are sacred writings that document historical events pertaining to Christianity. The Bible is the central location for the scriptures. Christians consider the Bible their source of truth andRead MoreChristianity : The Rise Of Christianity1512 Words   |  7 Pagesarea, Paganism was a belief that was common among all people across Europe. Paganism involved polytheistic beliefs with ritualistic tradition and animal sacrifice. This belief was common in the Anglo-Saxon tradition, which is from where the epic poem Beowulf is thought to have originated circa 550 AD. Due to the origins of Beowulf being surrounded by Pagan tradition and culture and reliance on the method of oral recitation of the story, the poem holds Pagan influences. 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Each woman had to make the choice to either accept their rel igion exactly the way it is, to reform their religious tradition, or to reject institutionalized religions completely and find their own path to experience the divineRead MoreThe Dual Inheritance Within Christianity Of Greek And Jewish Thought1424 Words   |  6 Pages(1) Describe the dual inheritance within Christianity of Greek and Jewish thought. How were these traditions similar? How were they distinct? How did each contribute to the formation of Christian life and belief? Cite MacCulloch in your answer. Christianity has been heavily influenced by both Greek and Judaic traditions. As we said in class, â€Å"the first generations of Christians were Jews who lived in a world shaped by Greek elite culture† (Christianity The First Three Thousand Years MacCulloch 2)

Social Psychology of Childhood Disability †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Social Psychology of Childhood Disability. Answer: Introduction: According the various medical models of the society, the model of disability is a condition of the health that deals with the medical form of the professionals. The people with the disability are thought to be the different from normal to the abnormal (Agahi, Shaw Fors, 2014). Disability are seen to be the problem in the individual. From the medical model, the person who have the disability always needs to be fixed and cured. Therefore, disability is form of tragedy that the people with the disability are needed to be pitted. The medical model of the disability is all about the person who cannot be part of the situation. The social form of perspective do not really deny the reality of the physical form of impairments that impacts the individuals. The social model always seeks for changing the society in order to accommodate the people who are living with the various impairments and they does not need any kind of changes in the behavior towards them to accommodate in the society. It also supports the view of the people with the disability that has the right to be fully participated the citizens on the equal form of base with the others (Couch, Tamborini Reznik, 2015). The people with the disabilities are not just an object for the charity for their medical treatments but they are also subjected all forms of the rights that exists in claiming the rights for making the decisions for their own lives that are based on the free and the informed consent that exists among the active members of the society. The disabled people who are developed the social models for their problems is because the traditional models did not explain the correct form of the personal experiences for the disability or helping it to develop more inclusive form of living. Therefore, the essay enumerates the various social disadvantages that are been experienced by the disabled people. The people who are living with disability are one of the most marginalized and the most disadvantaged groups in the society. They generally come across two major forms of discriminations. Firstly, with the dimensions that are related to the social form of attitudes that prevails by the differences and also reflects the intolerance rates that are been reflected in the conditions of the various forms of impairments (Kirmayer Brass, 2016). Secondly, the major forms of the dimensions are related to the adequate form that are built in the environment that the makes it more difficult for the disabled people for accessing the ranges of the services that can be participated in a various forms of the economic and the social form of the activities. The people who are having the disability are been estimated to be the 15 percent of the whole population of the world. It has been recorded that more than billion of people are making the largest minority in the global network of the group. The con sistent form of evidences that are abound for demonstrating the larger form of the population of the people with the disabilities that are found in the low income countries of the global south or what has been euphemistically been referred as the majority in the world (Levitt, 2017). The disabled children including the students, who are having the learning disabilities, were about 20 percent of more likely to be reported as been bullied than the other students who are studying in the same school. Various studies have spotted the differences remained in the steady from the third through the twelfth grade. The students with disabilities are also taught the skills in which they tend to respond appropriately to bullying. They needs to what to respond to the particular situations. About two-thirds of those children surveyed received free or low-priced lunches; 43 percent were Latino, 36 percent were white and 14 percent were black. Sixteen percent were identified as having a disability. The surveys asked the students about bullying, which Rose defined as "pervasive aggression." Students responded to questions about whether they had been hit or threatened, had their feelings hurt, or had lies and mean rumors spread about them. Online harassment was not included in the surveys.It has been reported that 60 percent of the disabled students episodes of bullying compared to the 42 other students when they have reached the fifth grades, the gap have remained very similar 62 percent that are compared to the 41 percent. The constant gap of 20 percent was still seen in all across the level of the grades. Some of the researchers have been speculated the students who are having the disabilities that have more form of trouble than the understanding of the peer with a complex form of communication that essentially includes the sarcasm and the non-verbal cues and that makes it more likely to be involved in the bullying. Other forms of the skills included the engagement in the conversations that working with other parts of the group in the participation, knowing how they have responded that tend to not win the game. The basic form of skills that are been seen to be learned and to be thought of. The disabled people includes the long term physical, intellectual, mental and the sensory form of the impairments, some of which are impossible to detect and are often left undiagnosed. Several disabled people often experiences the discrimination and therefore encounters the barriers for participating in all the aspects of the society that readily includes the transportation, economic opportunities, access to education and the health care systems. Therefore, they lead to the high risk factor for experiencing the poverty and the disability and the analysis are the basic cause and the consequences of the level of the poverty. However, it can be globally assessed that there are higher rate of participation in the education for the disabled people since the last two decades. Thus, some of the social groups always somehow remain underrepresented that can be totally excluded in the participation of the higher education. This has somehow diminished the rate of the arguments that the contemporary form of the higher education can be agenda for propagating the social form of justice. While there has been an increase in the awareness concerning the south global (Thomas, 2015). The problem of the disability remains the same at the periphery level of the policy, practices and the researchers that are undertaken in the higher education sectors. The policy makers of the higher education are the planners for the development for increasing the rate of the social form of justice that may be helpful for the social experience of the disabled people that have been overlooked by reforming the policies and the good form of pr actices in the higher education level. Given the situation, mainstreaming of the disabled people are a bit more difficult for constituting a major part of the experience in the multiple form of dimensions for the various discrimination in the society like the talking the inequality that comes with disability that can be considered as the critical form of agenda of the social justice that are essential for attaining the Millennium Developmental Goals. The existing form of evidences suggests that the MDGs are currently very much limited and they lack the scope and the coverage for the developed and the underdeveloped nations. Disability is somehow more of a personal; form of experience rather than the personal form of experience that the higher education policy makers are been making to acknowledge for the policies and the practice that plays a much significant role in the way that how the disabled form of the people tend to negotiate their form of participation in the higher form of education. () argues that the personal life experiences of disabled people are not simply products of individual cognitive psychology but are deeply embedded in the social . Individual identities are negotiated with others in a social context, in response to cultural values and structural forces. This certain argument draws the point of being to the powerful position for establishing the relationship between the disabled and the non-disabled people (Thomas, 2015). However, it has been noted that under the social model of the disability, the disability are been interpreted to be residing in the society rather than in the impai red form of bodies. The problem of disability resides in the society because there are various forms of the social constraints that are attached with the restrictions in the physical aspects that are been imposed on the people who are with the impairments (Vehmas, Watson, 2014). Therefore, the universities reviews that their positions for the MDGs Post the 2025 agenda, that needs the clarification of the universities in the reproduction of the of the social exclusion and the underrepresentation of the disabled through the policies, research and practices that are non-inclusive and the misrecognises the circumstances of the impairments. It has been reported that the demand for the disabled people that can be seen globally that is just for the improvements in the existing form of services and the change in the activities in their own form of experiences. References Agahi, N., Shaw, B. A., Fors, S. (2014). Social and economic conditions in childhood and the progression of functional health problems from midlife into old age.J Epidemiol Community Health, jech-2013. Anastasiou, D., Kauffman, J. M. (2013, August). The social model of disability: Dichotomy between impairment and disability. InThe Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine(Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 441-459). Oxford University Press. Couch, K. A., Tamborini, C. R., Reznik, G. L. (2015). The Long-Term Health Implications of Marital Disruption: Divorce, Work Limits, and Social Security Disability Benefits Among Men.Demography,52(5), 1487-1512. Goering, S. (2015). Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease.Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine,8(2), 134-138. Kirmayer, L. J., Brass, G. (2016). Addressing global health disparities among Indigenous peoples.The Lancet,388(10040), 105. Kusumastuti, P., Pradanasari, R., Ratnawati, A. (2014). The problems of people with disability in indonesia and what is being learned from the world report on disability.American journal of physical medicine rehabilitation,93(1), S63-S67. Leinonen, T., Martikainen, P., Laaksonen, M., Lahelma, E. (2014). Excess mortality after disability retirement due to mental disorders: variations by socio-demographic factors and causes of death.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology,49(4), 639-649. Levitt, J. M. (2017). Exploring how the social model of disability can be re-invigorated: in response to Mike Oliver.Disability Society,32(4), 589-594. Manrique-Espinoza, B., Salinas-Rodrguez, A., Salgado de Snyder, N., Moreno-Tamayo, K., Gutirrez-Robledo, L. M., Avila-Funes, J. A. (2016). Frailty and social vulnerability in Mexican deprived and rural settings.Journal of aging and health,28(4), 740-752. Thomas, D. (2015).The social psychology of childhood disability(Vol. 30). Psychology Press. Vehmas, S., Watson, N. (2014). Moral wrongs, disadvantages, and disability: a critique of critical disability studies.Disability Society,29(4), 638-650.

On Philip Larkins This Be The Verse Essays - Philip Larkin

On Philip Larkin's This Be The Verse This Be the Verse by Philip Larkin They *censored* you up, your mum and dad. They may not mean to, but they do. They fill you with the faults they had And add some extra, just for you. But they were *censored*ed up in their turn By fools in old-style hats and coats, Who half the time were sloppy-stern And half at one another's throats. Man hands on misery to man. It deepens like a coastal shelf. Get out as early as you can, And don't have any kids yourself. Lately, I have read a good deal of poems by Philip Larkin, and one unifying factor that I have noticed is that Larkin never seems to use a filler. Every word in every one of his poems seems to be carefully crafted and placed, to the point where the flow and rhythm of the poem seem almost an accident. One poem I read that really stayed with me is the above poem, This be the Verse. I will now show you how this poem, which at first glance seems to be written only to amuse, really has a much deeper meaning. I will examine the poem in several parts. First, I would like to examine the use of curse words in the poem, or why other words that would be considered more acceptable to the general public were not used. Then, I will discuss the three stanzas of the poem and what they were meant to do for the audience. Lastly, I will explore why Larkin would write such a poem, and what he was trying to get across to his audience by writing it. The second line in this poem contains the word *censored*, a word that is usually not considered acceptable for the general public. Yet Larkin incorporates it almost immediately into his poem. I can think of four possible reasons why. Firstly, words such as *censored* quickly and easily grab the audiences attention. This is similar to yelling sex in a crowded marketplace, everyone wants to know what is being discussed. Also, words like *censored* prepare the audience for a humorous bit of poetry, and this perks the audience's attention, and lets them know off the bat that this will not be another long and boring verse. Secondly, words such as *censored* produce an atmosphere for adults, or mature people. One term that is used quite extensively lately is adult language. This term branches off of the common idea that children should and would not use such words until they are older and have a more concrete knowledge of what they are really saying. Thus, by using a word such as *censored*, Larkin creates a poem that will most likely not be read to children. Also, such a poem would not be read at certain social gatherings (i.e. church meetings) where such words are considered unacceptable, further narrowing the audience for this poem. That brings me to my third point: that the people who read such a poem know, whether consciously or not, that they are in a distinct group, and that this poem was written for them. This allows Larkin to establish a closeness with his readers, now that they know that he is writing for them. This also implies to the reader that Larkin is one of them, that he knows the reader well, because he is in the same social class. To sum it up, by using a word considered to be socially incorrect, Larkin has managed to establish more credibility with the reader, which inherently forces the reader listen up, and pay attention to what Larkin has to say. Lately, modern art and poetry are showing more and more unacceptable words. This is because such words have become synonymous with truth. In other words, the general public seems to feel that if an artist is using curse words, then he must be telling it like it is. Thus, using such words helps Larkin's credibility as a man who has seen and will now tell. Larkin's poem is divided into three stanzas, each with it's own meaning and objectives. The first stanza is the introduction. As discussed above, the first stanza singles out a select group of people and builds Larkin's credibility with them. But

Free Essays on Puff Daddy

Biography Sean â€Å"Puffy† Combs has established himself as one of the biggest names in hip-hop (Heal). Combs a Harlem native whose father was killed when he was only 3 years old, rose from the mean streets to the top of the music business (AP wire, March 18). â€Å"It is true that he started from scratch, and I don’t think that because he was arrested, people will stop buying his albums (AP wire, March 18). Before pursuing his career as a vocalist, Combs was a business-minded Howard University student and an intern at Andre Harrell’s Uptown Records. Combs soon became the A&R representative for Uptown. He then began producing for soon to be mega-stars Mary J. Blige, Heavy D., and Jodeci to name a few. After being let go by Uptown Records (for reasons unknown to this day), Combs took his act over to Clive Davis’ Arista Records distribution team in late 1993 (who are rumored to have paid an estimated $75 million dollars to establish his own record label, B ad Boy (Heal). With the deal cemented with Arista, Sean Combs was about to embark on the greatest mission of his life. Turn Bad Boy Records from an unknown label into one of the most powerful world entertainment companies ever to be helmed by someone in their twenties. Strengths One only has to look at the Bad Boy roster of acts and the strong catalog to see that this is one their biggest strengths. They had early success starting in 1994 when Combs released his child hood friends album â€Å"Ready To Die†. That childhood friend was none other than Christopher Wallace a.k.a. â€Å"The Notorious B.I.G.†. B.I.G’s singles â€Å"Juicy†, â€Å"Warning†, and, â€Å"Big Poppa† took the then unknown label to new heights in the spring and summer of 1994 (Heal). Following the platinum success of Biggie and Craig Mack, other known artists clamored to have their songs graced by Combs magic touch. Artists such as New Edition, KRS-One, Mariah Carey, Lil K im and others wanted their re-mixes done by the... Free Essays on Puff Daddy Free Essays on Puff Daddy Biography Sean â€Å"Puffy† Combs has established himself as one of the biggest names in hip-hop (Heal). Combs a Harlem native whose father was killed when he was only 3 years old, rose from the mean streets to the top of the music business (AP wire, March 18). â€Å"It is true that he started from scratch, and I don’t think that because he was arrested, people will stop buying his albums (AP wire, March 18). Before pursuing his career as a vocalist, Combs was a business-minded Howard University student and an intern at Andre Harrell’s Uptown Records. Combs soon became the A&R representative for Uptown. He then began producing for soon to be mega-stars Mary J. Blige, Heavy D., and Jodeci to name a few. After being let go by Uptown Records (for reasons unknown to this day), Combs took his act over to Clive Davis’ Arista Records distribution team in late 1993 (who are rumored to have paid an estimated $75 million dollars to establish his own record label, B ad Boy (Heal). With the deal cemented with Arista, Sean Combs was about to embark on the greatest mission of his life. Turn Bad Boy Records from an unknown label into one of the most powerful world entertainment companies ever to be helmed by someone in their twenties. Strengths One only has to look at the Bad Boy roster of acts and the strong catalog to see that this is one their biggest strengths. They had early success starting in 1994 when Combs released his child hood friends album â€Å"Ready To Die†. That childhood friend was none other than Christopher Wallace a.k.a. â€Å"The Notorious B.I.G.†. B.I.G’s singles â€Å"Juicy†, â€Å"Warning†, and, â€Å"Big Poppa† took the then unknown label to new heights in the spring and summer of 1994 (Heal). Following the platinum success of Biggie and Craig Mack, other known artists clamored to have their songs graced by Combs magic touch. Artists such as New Edition, KRS-One, Mariah Carey, Lil K im and others wanted their re-mixes done by the...

Interpreting Statistics and Political Polls

Interpreting Statistics and Political Polls At any given time throughout a political campaign, the media may want to know what the public at large thinks about policies or candidates. One solution would be to ask everyone who they would vote for. This would be costly, time-consuming and infeasible. Another way to determine voter preference is to use a statistical sample. Rather than ask every voter to state his or her preference in candidates, polling research companies poll a relatively small number of people who their favorite candidate is. The members of the statistical sample help to determine the preferences of the entire population. There are good polls and not so good polls, so it is important to ask the following questions when reading any results. Who Was Polled? A candidate makes his or her appeal to the voters because the voters are the ones who cast ballots. Consider the following groups of people: AdultsRegistered votersLikely voters To discern the mood of the public any of these groups may be sampled. However, if the intent of the poll is to predict the winner of an election, the sample should be comprised of registered voters or likely voters. The political composition of the sample sometimes plays a role in interpreting poll results. A sample consisting entirely of registered Republicans would not be good if someone wanted to ask a question about the electorate at large. Since the electorate rarely breaks into 50% registered Republicans and 50% registered Democrats, even this type of sample may not be the best to use. When Was the Poll Conducted? Politics can be fast paced. Within a matter of days, an issue arises, alters the political landscape, then is forgotten by most when some new issue surfaces. What people were talking about on Monday sometimes seems to be a distant memory when Friday comes. News runs faster than ever, however, good polling takes the time to conduct. Major events can take several days to show up in poll results. The dates when a poll was conducted should be noted to determine if current events have had time to affect the numbers of the poll. What Methods Were Used? Suppose that Congress is considering a bill that deals with gun control. Read the following two scenarios and ask which is more likely to accurately determine the public sentiment. A blog asks its readers to click on a box to show their support of the bill. A total of 5000 participate and there is overwhelming rejection of the bill.A polling firm randomly calls 1000 registered voters and asks them about their support of the bill. The firm finds that their respondents are more or less evenly split for and against the bill. Although the first poll has more respondents, they are self-selected. It is likely that the people who would participate are those who have strong opinions. It could even be that the readers of the blog are very like-minded in their opinions (perhaps it is a blog about hunting). The second sample is random, and an independent party has selected the sample. Even though the first poll has a larger sample size, the second sample would be better. How Large Is the Sample? As the discussion above shows, a poll with a larger sample size is not necessarily the better poll. On the other hand, a sample size may be too small to state anything meaningful about public opinion. A random sample of 20 likely voters is too small to determine the direction that the entire U.S. population is leaning on an issue. But how large should the sample be? Associated with the size of the sample is the margin of error. The larger the sample size, the smaller the margin of error. Surprisingly, sample sizes as small as 1000 to 2000 are typically used for polls such as Presidential approval, whose margin of error is within a couple of percentage points. The margin of error could be made as small as desired by using a larger sample, however, this would require a higher cost to conduct the poll. Bringing It All Together The answers to the above questions should help in assessing the accuracy of results in political polls. Not all polls are created equally, and often details are buried in footnotes or omitted entirely in news articles that quote the poll. Thats why its important to be informed on how a poll was designed.

The Economic Structure Of Trusts And Fiduciary Obligation Essay

The Economic Structure Of Trusts And Fiduciary Obligation - Essay Example The inflexibility of the no conflict rule and the no-profit rule seems hardly fair in the field where discretion requires the utmost flexibility in decision-making. The no-profit rule has also been segregated from the no conflict rule6 and the rationalization of the no-profit rule makes sense. In Swain v Law Society Oliver LJ stated that no profit rule is predicated on the distinct principle that obtaining a profit without authorization is a breach of fiduciary duties because the profit itself is actually trusted property.7 The no-profit rule is therefore not entirely inflexible as trustees may make a profit out of the trust with the proper authorization. 8 However, should a beneficiary complain of a breach of trust pursuant to the no-profit rule, it may be difficult for the trustee to claim that the profit was authorized.9 The no profit rule is intricately tied to the no conflict rule as the operation of the no conflict rule is often applied to the making of profits.10 For instance, in Industrial Development Consultants Ltd. v Cooley it was held that the trustee must account for profits made in his competing business.11 Although the ruling was obviously made pursuant to the no conflict rule, the case clearly related to making profits and thus the no-profit rule. It would, therefore, appear that the no-profit rule is ultimately unnecessary as any conduct amounting to the making of a profit can properly be dealt with under the no conflict rule. As for the no conflict rule, there is considerable debate over whether or not the rule should be stricter or more relaxed or constructed with greater flexibility.12 However, the House of Lords’ ruling in Boardman v Phipps makes it clear that the no conflict rule is strictly applied.

Linguistic interdependence and the educational development of Research Paper

Linguistic interdependence and the educational development of bilingual children - Research Paper Example The assignment will propose a theoretical framework which assigns a central role to the interaction or the interdependence between the factors in explaining the academic as well as cognitive development of bilingual children. The paucity of meaningful data on the effectiveness of bilingual children can be attributed to the case that evaluations have ignored the correlations between the factors. The findings of the previous attempts stated bilingual children performed below expectations on the verbal parts of tests on intelligence and on the academic tasks and the researches and the investigators stated mental confusion and language handicaps to be the behind factors. The â€Å"balance effect† hypothesis in this genre proposed that a bilingual child paid for the L2 skills by a fall in L1 skills (Cummins, 1979). A mismatch between the language at home and the language at schools leads in retardation in the field of academics. The UNESCO exemplified the hypothesis stating that a child can be best taught in his mother tongue. Some researchers argued that instructions proposed through a medium of weaker language will lead to retardation in the subject matter taught. The researchers studied the inadequacy of both linguistic mismatch hypothesis as well as the hypothesis that bilingualism to be the source of academic and cognitive retardation. The researchers opined that bi lingualism can influence in positive fashion to cognitive and linguistic development. The fine documented achievement of immersion programs for the linguistic programs is far from being inconsistent without the simplistic notion that mismatch in linguistics can cause academic retardation. It is not surprising that educators re-examined the assumptions behind the underlying bilingual education and have emphasized the socio cultural as well as the school program variables rather than the factors on linguistics. The recent reviews on the perspectives of linguistics

FCC to Fine ABC of Naked Butt on NYPD Blue Essay Example for Free

FCC to Fine ABC of Naked Butt on NYPD Blue Essay All businesses have a social responsibility to their consumers and to the nation that allows them the freedom to operate, and broadcasters are not exempt.   Broadcasters should mirror the morals of their viewing audience in their programming.   Consider the morals of the average American television viewing audience.   Also consider what these viewers demand out of the shows they watch.   If the viewers want to see sex and sexual innuendo, then that is what the broadcaster will provide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is this really that bad an offense, or is ABC being made and example of for the rest of the industry?   Look at the recent news coverage of Britney spears getting in a car with no underwear and the camera showing it in plain view.    A fine should be issued for that as well.   Unless some agency starts issuing fines for acts of indecency in everyday life, what is shown on network television will only get worse. Casino Hit with Complaint   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yes, there is a social obligation relating to marketing.   The purpose of marketing is not only to sell products and services, but to educate potential consumers about the benefits of the products and services.   This casino advertising should state the benefit of having two wives or of a night of cheating on the spouse that outweighs the legal (and possible health)   consequences.   The near obscene level of advertising really should not be necessary for a gambling casino.   Gamblers go to casinos because they want to gamble, not for a sexual experience.   If there is more sex going on than gambling at Hard Rock Casino, perhaps it is time to consider some significant actions against their operating license.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Knights Tale :: Chaucer Knights Tale Essays

In his prologue, Chaucer introduces all of the characters who are involved in this fictional journey and who will tell the tales. One of the most interesting of the characters introduced is the Knight. Chaucer refers to the Knight as â€Å"a most distinguished man† and, indeed, his sketch of the Knight is highly complimentary.   Another Knight seen in the â€Å"Canterbury Tales† is the rapist knight in the Wife of Bath’s Tale, who is not a very noble knight and doesn’t follow a chivalric code. This knight seems more realistic as opposed to the stereotypical ideal knight that Chaucer describes in the Prologue. It is hard to believe that such a   perfect knight existed during that time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today we look back at knighthood, chivalry, and â€Å"curteisye† as romantic and unreal. It is true that a code of   behavior did exist, and Chaucer presents the Knight as a real representative of the code. However the Knight in the Wife of Baths tale, is the complete opposite of this one, and violates all of the rules of Knighthood. By way of contrast the Knight in The Wife of Bath’s Tale is more common during the Middle Ages, and stories of rape by knights were not uncommon. Chaucer goes against the normal chivalric ideal of a knight by presenting a knight as he really might have been, which is the knight presented in The Wife of Bath’s Tale. As all of the different tales reflect back on the characters of the pilgrims who tell them, the ideas in the Knight’s Tale are reflected back on the Knight.   His tale is a tale of ideal love and chivalry, and fits the character of the Knight. Furthermore, fitting the Knight’s character, his tale has no incidents of vulgarity, the love is a clean love, with no hint of sensuality. The love exists on a high, platonic level.   In the article â€Å"Costume Rhetoric in the Knight’s Portrait:   Chaucer’s Every-Knight and his Bismotered Gyphon,† by Laura F. Hodges, featured in the April 1995 edition of the Chaucer Review, Hodges examines the reasons behind Chaucer’s decisions on the clothing of his Knight. Hodges said that the fact that the Knight was wearing soiled clothing is an allusion to the fact that the knight was soiled religiously. However I think his shirt was â€Å"much stained† by where the armor had left his mark, and he just arrived from service and went directly on his pilgrimage.

Effects of Gadgets

UNIVERSITY OF PANGASINAN PHINMA EDUCATION NETWORK DAGUPAN CITY EFFECTS OF GADGETS TO STUDENTS STUDYING HABITS SUBMITTED BY 2BSN-1 CASILANG, JAY BRYANT E. DUNGO, ELJOHN F. GARCIA, ROLLEX JOHN MACARAEG, JETHRO RJ ORPILLA, JEFFERSON AGUSTIN, SHAIRA IGLESIAS, GEE ANN CASTILLO, MARWILL JORDAN CUSTODIO, JEREMIAS TABLE OF CONTENTS RATIONALE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM BRIEF METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION APPENDICES END NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY RATIONALESeveral studies and reports show that the tremendous use of technological peripherals or we popularly call as â€Å"gadgets† have effects to the different aspects of our human body – physically, mentally, emotionally and even spiritually. A  gadget  is usually referred to as â€Å"a small tool such as a machine that has a particular function, but is often thought of as a novelty†. The definition states that â€Å"it has a particular function† which means it can perform particular tasks. Nowadays, these widgets are used for several purposes just like PSP which is used for gaming and also for picture viewing.With the development of Internet and the growth of applications, many features are installed on the new gadgets today which also implies that gadgets have increased their functions. These features attracts the people to purchase them which now leads to the prevalence of gadget in the world principally they are cheaper presently compared to the past years. Undeniably, these gadgets became a necessity in life that’s why they can’t be easily pull away from everyone. These devices brought fun and excitement, better communication and virtual gaming which makes it more interactive to everyone.One of these gadgets is the computer. In today’s modern times, computers are seen almost everywhere we go just like establishments, offices, businesses and schools. With the power of modern technology, these computers created a big difference to the world today compared to the past years. At that time when computers are not yet invented, there is no such thing we call as â€Å"automation†. All works are done manually, time and energy consuming. Just like in creating a simple document, we used pen and paper to write an article or any other paper works.But with the existence of computers, you just need to click the word processing program icon to prepare your medium for writing and you can immediately start typing the characters. It is also free from erasure because of the undo feature included on it. These computers are built to make works easier, faster and lighter. Undeniably, students are also benefited to the existence of computers. During those years when computer is not yet present, students are dependent to books and libraries when it comes to making their home works and paper works.But as the years passed by, students in the library got fewer because they spend their time doing their works in computer or in their own personal computer. Now in the present t ime, the age of modern technology, where almost everything is high-tech, computer technologies has greatly improved and has had become better. These days, the computer technology industry is rapidly growing and changing. Internet are now used on these widgets which become a factor which makes studying fun and easy. With just a single click, all you are searching for will be presented ithout wasting your energy looking for references. However, users of gadgets are becoming addicted in using their devices or being overexposed without knowing the effects it may give to them. According to an article of IndiaStudyChannel. com (2010), â€Å"Several studies and researches have suggested about the various harmful effects gadgets have on human health. Have you ever imagined that why after watching Television for a long time you tend to feel tired and your eyes strained? Sometimes even listening to music from earphones for a long time can cause pain in the ears. In our society nowadays, many youths which are mostly composed of high percentage of students are addicted especially to social networking sites like Facebook and games like Defense of the Ancients. What’s alarming about these things is that students spend most of their time socializing, gaming and they just reserved a little time for studying their lessons. A reason why students are having difficulty when it comes to school works. Their school performances are getting weak reason why they get low grades. Computer addiction is a huge problem for most students.They procrastinate their works because they don’t notice their time is running fast while they are in front of it. We know that computer and all other gadgets are made to make life easier and enjoyable and all we are searching are attached in this machine. But despite of this factor, the students still get low grades and have weak performance in school. That’s why there is a need for research about this study to find out the effects of computers to students’ studying habits and the solutions for any dilemma that will present to the results of this research. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Topic: â€Å"Effects of Gadgets to Students’ Studying Habits†The effects of using gadgets affecting the students’ studying habits disturbed the attention of the researchers because of the fast growing innovations of gadgets nowadays, especially these peripherals are now dominating the world including the field of education. The researchers are mainly concerned with the effects of the gadgets to students’ studying habits and also the solutions to any dilemma that will be present after the results of this research are already been shown. And the most important part of the research, to collect information about the common effects of gadgets to students’ studying habits. BRIEF MEHODOLGY

Two Peg Test

FIELD WORK TITLE FIELD WORK TITLE Two peg test INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Two Peg Test is a surveying operation carried out to determine whether the leveling bubble and telescope line of sight are parallel. OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE Peg Test is a surveying operation carried out to determine if the leveling bubble (bubble axis) and telescope line-of-sight (line of collimation) are parallel. TOOLS TOOLS Dumpy levelTripod Staff Tape Bubble staff FIELD WORK PROCEDURE FIELD WORK PROCEDURE . Each group is required to perform a peg test to check the instrument. ii. Each person in the group is record the results of the Peg Test in their own field book. iii. Set out and mark on the ground (with wooden pegs driven into the ground) two point some 15 m apart. iv. Instrument is set up midway between two point A and B. v. Staff is read on each staff point A and point B and the height difference is calculated. Made sure the bubble staff is center vi. Next, instrument is moved about 5m behind the point B. nd staff at point A and point B is read. vii. Record the data. RESULT RESULT Point A1 – point B1 =1. 312 – 1. 310 =0. 002m Point A2 – point B2 =1. 239 – 1. 238 =0. 001m STN 1 – STN 2 = 0. 002 – 0. 001 =0. 001m =1mm ? <  ± 2mm ANALYSIS ANALYSIS The error is  ±2mm so it can be accepted. The instrument is in good condition and can used in field work. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION The instrument can be determined the leveling bubble (bubble axis) and telescope line-of-sight (line of collimation) are parallel.

buy custom Development of Tort of Negligence essay

buy custom Development of Tort of Negligence essay Law of Tort involves cases or scenarios that do not involve criminal activities but are based on the express or implied obligations that are overlooked or failed by an individual. Law of Tort deals with wrongful acts that not necessarily breaching of contract, that are normally associated with injury to another party, property, or reputation where the injured party is at liberty to seek compensation. Tort is one of the branches of civil law that has its foundation on a claim of the defendant on the injury permitted to the plaintiff by violation of a pertinent obligation imposed by the general law. This is clearly defined when one has knowledge of the injury or loss and the obligations that are imposed by the law. The Law of tort aims at protecting people physically basing on their personal integrity, property interests and economic interests in the society. Negligence is referred to as the process of breaching a lawful duty to take care by an unintentional act that brings injuries to the claimant. It is however noted that the tort of negligence is not necessarily limited to acts of inadvertence in the society. Other acts like deliberate infliction of harms to another party can call for liability in relation to the tort of negligence. According to Donoghue v Stevenson, 1992, negligence in the law of tort is directly linked with the autonomous tort that offers remedies to all forms of damages instilled on the claimant where there is no observation of legal duty. There are many types of tort but they can be merged to form three basic types of torts. The first being intentional tort. This is a civil wrong which occurs when one party undertakes an activity that in direct or indirect damage to another. A good example of his tort is when in a fight a person strikes another and in the process injures him or her; this is considered a tort of battery. However, when one accidentally strikes another and injures him or her is not at fault since there was no intention to do so. Another major type of tort is strict liability; this is also referred to as absolute liability. This arises when a defendant was negligent and/or was intending to act in a way that will cause harm to the plaintiff. In some cases liability can arise in a situation where the defendant acted in a way not intending to be negligent or cause harm A good example of absolute liability is when a construction company in its activities is necessary to blast heavy rocks using explosives such as dynamite. When an employee of the construction company blasted a boulder with extreme care but nevertheless some flying fragments of the blasted rock damaged a nearby house. The owner of the damaged house sued the construction company for the damage caused on the house. The company raised a defence claiming that the owner was suing for tort damages but the damages could not materialise since the company was not intending to damage the house. This defence is absolutely invalid. This is due to the fact that as ordinary fault is the basis of tort liability some cases arise where strict liability is totally imposed on the doer. This simply means that whenever harm is caused, there is no defence that no harm was intended or that utmost care had been put in place to prevent such an invent happening. The tort of negligence refers to the process of breaching a legal duty on part of your responsibility that in turn lead to damage to the involved parties as it is normally against their will.Duty of care considers whether the penalty on the side of the defendants act are justifiable, relates the mutual connection of the propinquity between the parties and if in all the circumstances it will be fair, just and reasonable to inflict an obligation on the defendant. Negligence observes the idea that if the claimants injuries outcome from the conduct that falls short of socially accepted principles, then there must be compensation. It is believed that the law of tort aims at enforcing standards of good behaviour in the society as it deters people from being careless in their dealings with others. After the establishment of a breach, the claimant is required to prove the breach is the result of the damage (causation issue) and it is satisfactory to the remoteness issue. Causation and remote ness are vital links amid the violation of an obligation enforced by law. In order to be a successful claimant in any negligence action, various factors must be observed. The defendant has to be found owing the claimant a duty of care. Secondly, there must be evidence that the defendant broke the duty of care owed to the claimant according to the demands about law. Finally, the claimant must have suffered damage due to the breach caused by the defendant of which the law will be able to recognize in order to deem it as worth compensation. Negligence refers to the process of breaching a legal duty on part of your responsibility that in turn lead to damage to the involved parties as it is normally against their will. Duty of care considers whether the penalty on the side of the defendants act are justifiable, relates the mutual connection of the propinquity between the parties and if in all the circumstances it will be fair, just and reasonable to inflict an obligation on the defendant. Negligence observes the idea that if the claimants injuries outcome from the conduct that falls short of socially accepted principles, then there must be compensation.It is believed that the law of tort aims at enforcing standards of good behaviour in the society as it deters people from being careless in their dealings with others. Development of Tort of Negligence Tort Law is currently viewed a form of crisis across the globe in the legislative sector due to the strong resistance and antagonism as a result of the legend compensation culture that has been in existence for many decades. Pliticians across the world are in the course of bringing up radical changes that mainly aim at minimizing the insurance premiums that will eventually lead to plummeting of the entitlement of the injured plaintiffs. Tort of negligence is dated as a current tort according to the UK law.It is viewed as a current as it cannot be compared to the other laws of tort like trespass on land, assault and battery that have been in use for many centuries. Negligence as a principle has been instituted as a accountability for behaviour deteriorating in the early twentieth century while dealing with the verdict on the case of Donoghue v Stevenson by the House of Lords. Initially, negligence was viewed as a technique of executing and interpreting the other torts rather than a distinct tort in itself. The tort of negligence was carefully fragmented before the identification of the duty of care where it was recognized with many limits in most cases. An example is in situation where a person was in control of hazardous product like a gun where care was provided to in order to avert it from causing harm to people in the society. In the entire period of the 19th century, there existed only remote pockets of negligence liability as consideration was given to the general principle of negligence. The twentieth century has provided much progress towards the negligence of tort as the judges become implementing policies focusing on the articulation of a general principle of a duty of care, a case that is clearly seen on the verdict of Brett MR in Heaven v Pender, 1883. During the ruling of Donoghue v Stevenson case in 1932, the House of Lords had not yet established the recommended general principles on the negligence in law of tort.During this period, reliance was on the private law which was by then subjugated by the contractual perspectives on the role and obligation of each party. The scenario above implicates that if an issue was outside the partial pockets of liability stated, the party owed a duty of care to the other in circumstances where they had specifically agreed to do so through an agreement on the matter.Claimants who had received injuries through other persons carelessness were not liable to a claim. Such cases include scenarios where a consumer suffers from the use of a defective and dangerous product where a contract exists between the manufacturer and the retailer or the retailer and consumer. This provides the retailer with the mandate of suing the manufacturer where the consumer also sues the retailer where due to the scarcity of the general tort of negligence in collaboration with doctrine of privity of the agreement limits the verdict on the case, thus, making the consumer not liable to the claim by the retailer to the manufacturer. This was the case on the claimant in Donoghue v Stevenson case. The Donoghue overruling on the Winter-bottom v Wright case brought into existence the concept of a new pocket of liability in which the party was liable to the duty care despite being outside of the contractual rapport. This case led to the establishment of a channel that comprises of the manufacturer-retailer-consumer. It also enlisted the judicial system that the categories of negligence are flexible depending on the subject thus were called upon to be ready to address new duty situations arising within their jurisdiction. Donoghue v Stevenson case is thought to have launched a single and universal prerequisite on duty care. The opinion is also applied by a higher-ranking law lord in Scotland, Lord Buckmaster, while ruling on the case of the possibility of claim to Mrs Donoghue where the claim was rejected with reference to the opinion of Lord Anderson in Mullen v Barr Co of 1929. In the 1970s the judiciary system underwent gradual reforms on the negligence tort where it was described as, an ocean of liability for carelessly causing foreseeable harm, dotted with islands of non-liability, rather than as a crowded archipelago of individual duty situations. This was evident in the following cases: McLaughlin v OBrian in 1982 that involved psychiatric damage; Anns v Merton London Borough Council in 1978 that was relevant to economic loss; overruled by Murphy v Brentwood District Council of 1990; Benarr v Kettering HA 1988 in a case where the claimants were awarded damages for the costs of bringing up a child, including the private school fees, where a child was born after a negligently performed sterilisation procedure; and Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd 1970 related to the liability obligatory on the Home Office for damage caused by escaping young wrongdoer. In the 1980s and 1990s, the judicial system set in place policies that favoured the tort of negligence where they exercised better vigilance and daunting liability on necessary occasions as seen in the Caparo Industries plc v Dickman case of 1990. The restriction on the retrenchment process of 1980s and early 1990s provided room for the expansion of the negligence responsibility in the relevant circumstances. This was applied in the cases below where the claimants lives had been affected: Phelps v Hillingdon London Borough Council in 2001where the bone of contention was the negligent failure to diagnose dyslexia. W v Essex County Council of 2000 about the abusive foster on a child Customs and Excise Commissioners v Barclays Bank Plc in 2006 X, Y v London Borough of Hounslow in 2008, where all the relevant elements of tort of negligence namely duty, breach and causation are established and observed while determining the claim. Role of the concept of the duty of care in the tort of negligence Tort of negligence plays a key role in the law of tort as most of the claims are normally brought under the tort of negligence compared to the other types of tort. It also has an influence on the extent further than the tort itself due to its fame and eminence gained within a relatively shorter period. A duty of care involves an obligation where a person playing a particular has to have to be concerned about his or her actions influence on other peoples safety and integrity. This always includes giving attention being keen and watching out for anything that can go wrong and cause harm. In many occasions, is the duty of care is not met in a role that solely requires it, the person responsible can be held accountable for allowing negligence to occur. This is the primary situation that provides the basis for suing for negligence in a court of law. However, a clear line should be drawn between duty of care and standards. Normally a duty of care is a representation of an obligation put up on a person as a surety that nothing goes wrong with the assigned activity. This does not give a clear detail on the way to provide that care. It should be observed that duty of care requirements tend to apply in occupational situations. In the other hand standard of care provides the minimum amount or the quality of that particular care that should be availed under the duty of care. For example medical staff has a duty of care to a patient with a cut. Preparing a dressing for this wound involves part of treatment. Where the cut is large and deep and is dressed by a small Elastoplasts will not have met the required standard from the doctor or nurse. In the current world with the high rate of industrialization the tort of negligence and duty of care plays a major role in the providing leverage and justice in the society. There are many professions created such that some create a problems in coming up with a clear cut line to provide safety and accountability among the work environment. Some work environments create a tricky situation on who should be held responsible for some occurrences of certain activities. The law of tort has developed a culture among employers to come up with effective manuals that clearly define each employees roles and scope of work; this has helped ease the accountability factor and hence increased safety in the work places. Stress has been found to be the main course of accidents. This is due to the fact that a stressed person tends to be complacent and in the process makes mistakes that result to accidents of different magnitudes according the type of work environment. The law of tort has resulted in a great change in employers notion on the duty of care. Employers now have a specific statutory responsibility ensuring a safe and well monitored workplace. Whenever a lawsuit concerning negligence and duty of care is brought to court, there is test of negligence that is undertaken to determine whether the case is successful. This involves a three stage process. The first stage is the duty of care between the involved parties. The second stage is to prove if there has been a breach of duty. Thirdly and most important stage is the causation test. This stage requires answering questions like; was it reasonably foreseeable that the particular breach directly caused the psychological injury on the plaintiff? The injury suffered should be of a high order like a psychological injury that has been diagnosed by a practitioner rather than day to day stress. In many negligence cases, three tests for the organizations duty under the negligence law is quite minimal, this basically is acting reaso nably as an employer. Affected employees have an uphill task of proving its not the work that has caused them stress but that its the stress of work that caused them a psychological injury where the employer knowingly failed to make steps that could reduce or prevent I altogether. The duty of care is seen as a banner. The emerging cases on workplace stress have lead to rampant emphasis on the employers duty of care in preventing workplace injuries.This issue has lead to many employers providing workplace counselling services to demonstrate on their commitment to the course. Duty of care is becoming a course of inspirations and a powerful lever of change. Duty of care is viewed as a shield by many employees. It duly covers them from any event where the employers should be held accountable. Duty of care also prevents employers against legal action by the employees. The duty of care assists a lot in drawing a clear line between employers and employees responsibilities in case of a lawsuit. This law alleviates the employers concern about his or her employees welfare. This may be shown through the entitys policies put in place that define these guidelines. The provision of psychological support services in many different forms by the employers gives the employee the zeal to work harder since there is a feeling of protection and accountability. This further generates to better services and quality of produce in the market. In such cases where the employers provide comprehensive policies, its very rare for employees to successfully claim for negligence. With the many overlapping and intertwining nature of the current factors in the industries like financial care, medical care, insurance covers among others. Its important to draft and implement policies that effectively define and cover all parties in a contract. The tort of negligence plays a major role in shaping and securing the work environment. With adequate accountability in place other policies can be effectively implemented in any organization. Duty of care acts as a watchdog in contract dealings. In conclusion, the application of the principles of negligence faces many challenges in the implication process by the Courts in relation to instituting the various principles in their relevant categories on the affected parties in the society. The paper has focused on some of the cases that have been previously handled in our courts and their verdicts. Although the cases do not necessarily represent the real image in most of the decisions delivered in our judicial systems. Litigation in relation to the duty care is one of the factors that has not been fully addressed and still pose a danger to the claimants. Buy custom Development of Tort of Negligence essay

multi essay Essays - Articles, Health, Dental Hygienist, Dentistry

multi essay Essays - Articles, Health, Dental Hygienist, Dentistry Most have to go through life's struggles of discovering what type of person they are and then eventually who they want to be. For me, this process took minimal searching because I've always known myself to be conscientious of others, caring, well grounded, and passionate about whatever I have my intentions set on. After countless conversations with my dental hygienist, my interest in becoming a hygienist came as a result of who I am and who I wanted to be. While studying for my undergraduate degree in 2010, I had an amazing opportunity volunteering with the Piedmont Regional Missions of Mercy Project. This experience allowed me to help dental patients without healthcare. This allowed me to gain insight to understand the importance of providing patient care and promote good health. My life goal won't be accomplished until I can help as many individuals through my work as possible. This degree will not only aid in my achievement, but will give me the tools to have the best career. At around the age of 4, I realized the start of my interest in dentistry. Whenever asked what I wanted to do when I grew up, speaking the thought out loud made it clear. The answer is still the same and being apart of the dentistry field will become a lifetime goal accomplished. The inception of my interest started with childhood visits to the dentist. At first, the instruments and how everything worked fascinated me. As time went on, my fascination turned into a pursuit of knowledge where I wanted to gain an understanding as to how this profession can benefit a person's health. Most have to go through life's struggles of discovering what type of person they are and then eventually who they want to be. For me, this process took minimal searching because I've always known myself to be conscientious of others, caring, well grounded, and passionate about whatever I have my intentions set on. After countless conversations with my dental hygienist, my interest in becoming a hygienist came as a result of who I am and who I wanted to be. While studying for my undergraduate degree in 2010, I had an amazing opportunity volunteering with the Piedmont Regional Missions of Mercy Project (MOM). This experience allowed me to help dental patients without healthcare or insurance. The MOM project gave me my first hands on encounter into the healthcare field. This exposure allowed me to see the need for help in this field. As I got older and was able to explore the different fields in dentistry, I knew dental hygiene would be my primary choice. It is the field of dentistry that best compliments the attributes of me as a person which gives me an opportunity to help people better themselves with the passion and knowledge I possess. With that and the implementation of my skill set, I would have the opportunity to make it a career. After having the pleasure of working under the exceptional Dr. Garland Davis, it is without a doubt that dental hygiene has become a passion of mine. Whi le being employed for him, I was able to observe, understand, and assist with the tasks that the hygienists and Dr. Davis performed. This allowed me to gain insight to understand the importance of providing patient care and promote good health. Learning, understanding, and completing task that involved the day-to-day operations of the profession provided hands on comprehension and application. This experience was very beneficial and crucial in aiding my learning process with the field. My congruent work experience from past programs has informed me tremendously in the multi faceted nature of health care business. These experiences in various fields helped me gain a better perspective into the dyer need for healthcare professionals. My life goal won't be accomplished until I can help as many individuals through my work as possible. Knowing my career path has allowed me to reach a state of self-actualization that motivates me to keep pushing. This degree will not only aid in my achiev ement, but will give me the tools to become the best of the best. Howard University cost of attendance estimated total is $36,157.00. I was awarded $12,500.00 for this academic

Judaism, Christianity, Islamic and Buddhisms beliefs on Heaven and Research Paper

Judaism, Christianity, Islamic and Buddhisms beliefs on Heaven and Hell - Research Paper Example Judaism, which is the main religion of the Jews, believes in the existence of both heaven and hell. According to Hebrew, the Jews refer to heaven as Olam Haba, which translates to the world to come. Their main belief is that a heaven is a place for the righteous and that those who live in it are blessed to reside under continuous divine intervention. Furthermore, the Jews believe that those who live in heaven are customarily rewarded with a better life to make up for the misfortunes that they underwent on earth (Ellens 38). According to Judaism, the experience of this world is aimed at preparing their believers for the next, and that fulfilling the commandments is instrumental in earning one entry into heaven. The Jews similarly share the ideology that the soul should be purified before its final rest, a process that often goes on for eleven months. Given the wideness of Judaism, a section of Jews believes that God is the resuscitator of the dead through a process known as the transm igration of souls (Ellens 43). They regard the transmigration of souls as a second chance, and an opportunity for an individual to make up for some of the commandments he or she never fulfilled while on earth. Christianity, just like Judaism teaches on the existence of both heaven and hell. In as much as information on both heaven and hell remains light, Christians believe that heaven is a place where all their suffering and pain will end and that they will live forever

Eucation and Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eucation and Identity - Essay Example He lacked the many facilities we have, and yet he managed to develop his writing skills by relying on the little help he could access. All through, he struggle with identity crisis though he later manages to establish his identity. The critical role that education plays in defining Douglas identity cannot be ignored. Douglass's urge and determination to learn is captivating. This essay discusses how Douglas narrative on learning to write influences my thinking about education as well as identity and how his ideas relate to my own ideas regarding education, literacy, and identity. As I read his narrative, it triggered me to think of my own views regarding education. Although I have always considered education important in achieving my goals, never had I viewed education with as much regard as Douglass did. This is irrespective of having teachers and all learning resources at my disposal. However, Douglass ideas about education are somehow related to my own views about education. Just like Douglas believed, learning to read and write sets us free not just from stupidity but it also enables us discover ourselves. Lack of education makes us ignorant and we end up being slaves of ourselves. It is only by expressing ourselves through activities such as writing that we can be able to really feel sufficient and convince others of our capability. Thinking of people who are deprived of education by one reason or another makes me consider that the worst form of slavery. However, this kind of slavery is better since one can make a choice to liberate him or herself from it like Douglass did. As I read Douglass narrative, I thought of the many times I felt like giving up because I could not understand a concept in class. Those are the time I felt like I did not really understand who I was. However, I have always considered education to be one of the fundamental aspects that will enable me achieve my goals and that is what keeps me going. When I imagined of Douglass roaming i n the streets seeking for assistant from kids in the streets, I acknowledged the many education resources we have at our disposal and how little we make use of them. This made me feel like I was a slave of myself since I have no good reason to fail to achieve my academic goals yet I find myself failing at times. Reading Douglass experience and comparing it with my own encouraged me that no matter the adversities it is possible to achieve our goals. Education and literacy plays a great role in enabling us to realize our own identity. Educational attainments assist us in integrating with others in addition to being able to understand and appreciate those who may different from us. Just as the slaves suffered with their real identity as humans, such is the case when one is not conversant with a concept. Education defines us in some ways. People will identify with you depending on how well you can express yourself. If you are uneducated, people will brand you as illiterate. This has mad e me conclude that education can form one’s identity since it determines a person’s interest in life. In the contemporary society, social stratification is a common phenomenon and education is used as one of the criteria of defining the class one belongs to. However, not all people are able to access equal education opportunities. Being unable to access quality education does not automatically mean you cannot set high

College and Universities Should Teach Financial LiteracyManage Money Essay

College and Universities Should Teach Financial LiteracyManage Money - Essay Example One solution is to make financial literacy a part of the core curriculum for all colleges and universities in the United States. According to Annamaria (2010), financial literacy is the capacity to make sound financial judgments, and take workable actions about the current and future utilization and management of finances. Therefore, it is important for all individuals to be knowledgeable on basic financial information to enable them make right decisions based on their needs and income. There are several important aspects of financial illiteracy in the country. According to Braunstein et al (2005), lack of financial knowledge has increased the vulnerability of many consumers to heavy losses and deceptive business arrangements. This has resulted to some of the worst economic problems in the country such as the most recent financial downturn that was mainly caused by extensive consumer overleveraging. American universities and colleges can play a crucial role in empowering students wit h financial skills but historically, it has not been the case. College and university graduates play a critical role in making financial decisions in any economy, but for a long time financial literacy has been regarded as a ‘life skill’ acquired outside the classroom setting in United States (Thomas,2010,p60). In this respect, Thomas (2010, p67-68) notes that university administrators do not consider teaching financial skills a priority in their curriculums. However, recent changes such as increasing college fees, unpredictable job market in addition to various financial challenges that face students at school and after graduating has jolted authorities in higher learning institutions to review their stance. In view of these challenges, policy makers in the United States have indentified the need of introducing compulsory financial education in these institutions to enhance the capacity of students to make sound judgments in school and after graduating. According to Le wis(2008,p50), financial illiteracy is widespread among all American citizens, but low-income earners and people with no post secondary education are the most affected groups. A study conducted by Lewis (2008, pp56-89) found that minority groups especially African Americans and Hispanics had the lowest financial literacy level compared with other groups. In addition, American men have higher financial literacy level than women and as people grew older, their financial literacy increased (Lewis, 2008, p64). Thomas (2010) argues that economic, health and social wellbeing of the individuals, families and societies relies heavily on financial literacy. In this respect, the importance of financial education cannot be overemphasized. At individual level, financial literacy enables a person to plan for the present expenditures and save for the future. This includes developing pragmatic household budgets that enables people to prioritize on their expenses, create saving plans and make wise investment decisions. In addition, good financial education empowers individuals to manage their debts and make sound financial decisions for their retirement to ensure that they lead a financially secure life when they cease working (Thomas, 2010 pp 87-89). Moreover, financially literate people buy goods and services at lower prices and this enhances their savings and investments. In this respect, effective

Classic Literature Essay Example for Free

Classic Literature Essay Writers also use a foil character as well as irony of circumstances. A foil character is used to create suspense because the reader doesnt know how the foil character will react in his situation, or how the other characters will react to him. Another element writers use is foreshadowing. Writers reveal some details in the story to lull the reader into thinking something is going to happen a certain way. However, when the writer uses irony of circumstances, the reader is caught off guard because the story didnt end the way the expected it. rs use foreshadow and irony of circumstances to create suspense in their stories. Kate Chopin uses foreshadow in her story Desirees Baby. In The Story of an Hour, she uses irony of circumstances. Lets first look at Desirees Baby. She uses foreshadowing to create suspense. Writers reveal certain things about characters to prepare the reader for the outcome. This creates suspense because the readers want to continue reading when they catch a glimpse of a character or the characters actions. Through these revelations, readers anticipate how the story will end, so they continue reading to find out what does happen. Kate Chopin uses foreshadow in Desirees Baby. When Desiree notices something different about her baby, she talks to Armand. He tells her that the babys coloring indicates only one thinghe is part black. Armand accuses Desiree of deceiving him. Chopin uses a certain passage to foreshadow things about Desiree that may reveal what will happen to the characters in the end. Desiree told Armand, Look at my hair, it is brown; and my eyes are gray, Armand, you know they are gray. And my skin is fair, Look at my hand; whiter than yours, Armand. These details show the reader that Desiree is lighter than Armand. The reader becomes confused and wonders what is happening. A writer uses foreshadowing to reveal certain details that lulls the reader into thinking a certain way. Then, through the use of another technique called irony of circumstances, a writer wants to surprise the reader at the end of the story by making an  unusual turn of events. At the end of the story, Chopin finally reveals that Armand is the one who is half white and half black and not Desiree. Just like Desirees Baby, Chopin uses irony of circumstances in The Story of an Hour. Mrs. Mallard is waiting of news about her husband, whom she thought might have died since he had been gone so long. When Mrs. Mallard is told that her husbands name is on the list of those who were killed, Mrs. Mallard is devastated. However, her attitude changes quickly because she is free to do what she wants. The reader is still held in suspense because he or she doesnt know what Mrs. Mallard is going to do until the end of the story. The reader is surprised when Mrs. Mallards husband shows up alive, and when Mrs. Mallard dies after seeing her husband. Even though Chopin uses foreshadowing, she still catches the reader off guard by using irony of circumstances.

Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare as a Tragedy Essay -- Papers

Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare as a Tragedy "Romeo and Juliet" is considered by most people to be Shakespeare's most tragic work. Two young people die for their love for each other - what can be more purer, romantic and tragic than that. But is it as simple as that? What does actually make the play so tragic? Before we can discuss the tragic aspects of Romeo and Juliet, we must first understand the meaning of the term 'tragedy'. The Chambers Dictionary defines tragedy as" a type of drama dealing with tragic events and often involving the fall of an honourable, worthy and important protagonist, often with elevated action and language; a play of this type; the art of such drama; any piece of literature, music, etc ending with disaster for the protagonist; a disaster, any sad story or turn of events; any event involving killing". Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy by the definition in the dictionary. Both lead roles, Romeo and Juliet, die in the play, therefore making it tragic. However there are many more factors which are typical of Shakespeare' tragedies which occur, and some factors which make the play less tragic. Juliet is a more tragic figure because she has no real control over her life at all. The arrival of Romeo and their subsequent love affair gives her an alternative to a life controlled by her father and his choice of husband for her - she could run away and live a romantic life with Romeo. At the end both Romeo and Paris are dead so even if she survived there would be no future for Juliet. Main characters in Shakespeare's plays are often quite innocent and are swept along by other events happening at the time, for e... ...nciliation with her father. Her union with Romeo has lost Juliet her family whatever the outcome. 'Romeo and Juliet' was written as a tragedy, and is still seen as such over four hundred years later. A modern day audience may react differently to some aspects of the play - the treatment of women and the age of Juliet, for example. In our society, Juliet would still be considered a child and Romeo would be in as much trouble for his marriage to underage Juliet as he would be for the murder of Tybalt. Yet, despite that, our sympathies are with the young couple who were not responsible for the feud between their parents but who had to suffer the consequences. The tragedy is inevitable from the beginning. From the moment Romeo first sees Juliet and they share their first kiss they hurtle headlong towards their death.

Global Systems Development Corporation Essay

GSDC is a software development firm with sales, marketing, and project offices in major cities of North America. We provide a global project management services, on-site personnel as needed for design, and testing and liaison with teams of developers in India and Eastern Europe. GSDC is known to have extensive experience in website development and have completed several successful websites implementation for institutions of higher education. Background and analysis STI has been working with GSDC to implement the new website, and GSDC views STI as a premier customer. As the project has unfolded, however, cost overruns and delays have occurred. STI claims that GSDC underbid the project and was too optimistic in its bid and project plan. Time has been lost and the project has cost overruns to date of $200,000. Given today’s  date and the need to have the site in place, STI management has clearly articulated that the new website must be up and running within 60 days of the beginning of these negotiations. Proposed goals, objectives, target population and implementation plan Considering the state of the project we are about 75% complete and we can finish the project under tight constraints. GSDC is the most knowledgeable and with only 25% left of the project left to complete we believe that the completion of the project by GSDC would benefit both parties. Both sides can take a â€Å"lessons† learned. Considering the work completed there is not much left of the project to scope and our confident that we can finish out the final pieces and components of the website. The value in continuing the relationships shows that both companies have a level of professionalism and a can do attitude that is admirable in the business world. The most important consideration for GSDC is that we meet our clients’ needs and that the customer is satisfied with the finished product. The must complete the website for the negation to be considered successful. Annual project budget Organization HISTORY, MISSION, Vision and Structures STI Institute is located in the Midwest offering wide ranges of programs in arts and sciences, business, and education programs. The school includes a variety of Master’s Degree programs, and continuing education for the community. The institute Attracts over 6,000 students annually, 5,000 undergraduates, 1,000 graduate students, as well as part-time students in the Midwestern region including local and state. We have been working with GSDC to implement the new website, and we both agree that the project costs are over budget. There has been too much time delay, and we need to come to an agreement to finish within 60 days of beginning negotiations. Proposed goals, objectives, target population and implementation plan Project is almost at completion but with the communications between both parties not being clear on requirements. After reviewing the complaints from GSDC the overall solution will agree upon STI select few to work closely with GSDC personnel to exchange ideas and come to a resolution. We will clarify requirements, support the on-site and remote development teams, and perform timely testing. In order to be 100 % complete within the 60 day period. The value in continuing the relationships shows that both companies have a level of professionalism and a can do attitude that is admirable in the  business world. Once everything is agreed upon we suggest we have are selected personnel to video conference with GSDC on an agreed time to make sure the progress is underway. Therefore if there’s any changes to be made it in constant overview and finished in time.

How Many Different Types of Memory System Are There?

Although the belief that memory is composed of several distinct systems is not novel, it is only around the mid 20th century that experimental studies carried out on amnesic patients have started to confirm it (Squire, 2004). This essay will discuss the different types of memory systems that have been found, their distinctions and evidence supporting their existence derived from studies on amnesiacs. Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) multi-store model suggests that memory is a flow of information processed through three stores (Myers, 2010).The first system called sensory memory (SM) processes mainly visual and auditory information from our environment (Myers, 2010). It is made up of several components associated with each sense and filters information experienced by the senses – iconic SM which receives visual information has a very short retention time of merely a half of a second while echoic SM which receives auditory stimuli has a slightly longer retention time of thr ee to four seconds (Sperling, 1960; Myers, 2010). If attention is brought to sensory information, it is transferred to the next system called short term memory (STM) (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968).This system processes visual and auditory information received from SM for approximately one minute and also temporarily uses retrieved information from the long-term memory for problem-solving (Myers, 2010). Miller’s (1956) study has shown that STM is not only limited in retention duration but also in capacity having on average a storage capacity of seven bits of information whether verbal or numerical (Myers, 2010). The last system is long term memory (LTM), often referred to as the ‘permanent storage’ (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968).As its name suggests, it has unlimited capacity to store a vast amount of information such as motor skills, language, autobiographical and factual information (Baddeley, Eysenck, & Anderson, 2009). The three basic memory stores are distinct from each other in terms of encoded information, capacity and duration of information retention (McLeod, 2007). One of the strongest evidence to support this distinction lies in Murdock’s (1962) experiment – when presented with a list of words, the tendency was that the participants would more likely recall the first words (primacy effect) and the last words (recency effect) than the words in the iddle of the list (Myers, 2010). This is known as the serial position effect whereby the first words are recalled since they have been transferred to LTM and the last words were still accessible in STM (Myers, 2010). However, the middle words were present for too long to be in the STM but not long enough to be encoded in LTM, giving evidence that STM and LTM are two different and separate stores (McLeod, 2008). Research on patients suffering from amnesia also support the multi-store model (Groome, 2006).One classic case is reported by Corkin (1968) about a patient HM who suffered from anterograde amnesia – He was unable to form new memories and lost part of his existing memories (Groome, 2006). However, despite his inability to create new memories, he was still able to have a conversation thus indicating that his STM processes were intact with normal capacity and duration (Wickelgren, 1968 as cited in Groome, 2006). He lost the capacity of only one store hence supporting the idea that STM and LTM are separated (Groome, 2006).Another case is a patient known as KF who suffered damaged to his STM – he was still able to temporarily recall visual information but could not process auditory information which made conversation difficult (Myers, 2010). On the other hand, his LTM processes were retained, again providing evidence that STM and LTM are separated systems (Myers, 2010). Although KF’s case study explicitly provides strong evidence for distinction of STM and LTM, it also questions the idea of having only one STM (Groome, 2006).The damage in KF’s STM seemed to have only affected the echoic and verbal aspects leaving the visual aspects intact (Groome, 2006). This suggests that STM is more complex and has separate stores for visual and auditory processing (Groome, 2006). Based on this finding, Baddeley and Hitch (1974) argued that STM illustrated by the multi-store model is too simplistic (McLeod, 2008). They developed another model of STM known as the Working Memory (WM) which comprised of a two subsystems controlled by the central executive (Groome, 2006).The central executive takes on cognitive processes such as problem-solving while controlling allocation of data to the two subsystems namely Phonological loop (PL) which deals with auditory and speech-based information and visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSS) which, as its name suggests, holds information about visual and spatial information (McLeod, 2008; Groome, 2006). By analyzing in more depth KF’s case study, it is reported that KF had suffered impairme nt of his PL but still had his VSS abilities, hence providing support that STM is not unitary but in fact divided into subsystems (Warrington & Shallice, 1972 as cited in Groome, 2006).Similarly, HM who had an impaired LTM was unable to form new memories but surprisingly could still learn new motor skills although he was not aware that he actually learnt the skills (Groome, 2006). This finding questions the unified nature of LTM and suggests that there are two memory systems (Squire, 2004). McDougall (1924) investigated the term implicit memory which involves unconscious learning and explicit memory which involves learning with consciousness (Graf & Schacter, 1985; Schacter, 1987; Brooks, 2012).Cohen and Squire (1980) suggested that amnesiacs such as HM had an impaired explicit or declarative memory which hindered their abilities to recall previous or make new memories of facts and events (Groome, 2006). They referred implicit memory as procedural memory involved in knowledge of ski lls which would explain why HM could still learn new motor skills (Groome, 2006). According to Tulving, Schacter and Stark (1982), declarative or explicit memory can be further separated into two conscious systems: episodic and semantic memory (Squire, 2004).Episodic memory contains autobiographical contents, is a record of a person’s personal history such as birth dates and deals with past experiences (Tulving 1972; 1993; 2002). In contrast, semantic memory is a storage system of facts, meanings of words and general knowledge of the world such as the capital of cities (Tulving, 1972). Research on memory is arduous and the problems questioned are not easily solved (Tulving, 1985). At the beginning, the answer to the title question would be ‘three’ but when looking into further research based on studies of amnesiacs, the number increased to about approximately ‘seven’.However, being aware of the difficult nature of memory and the limitations of its st udy, the more reasonable and sensible answer would be ‘at least three and probably many more’ (Tulving, 1985). References Atkinson, R. C. , & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. W. Spence & J. T. Spense (Eds. ), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 13-195). New York, NY: Academic Press. Baddeley, A. D. , Eysenck, M. W. , & Anderson, M. C. (2009). Memory. New York: Psychology Press. Baddeley, A.D. , & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. A. Bower (Ed. ), Recent advances in learning and motivation (pp. 47-90). New York, NY: Academic Press. Brooks, S. L. (2012). Long-term memory of American Sign Language in a chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes). Master of Science in Interdisciplinary Studies. San Diego State University. Cohen, N. J. , & Squire, L. R. (1980). Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: Dissociation of â€Å"knowing how† and â€Å"knowing that? ‘ Science, 210. Milner, B. , Corkin, S. , & Teuber, H. L. 1968). Further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome: 14 year follow-up study of H. M.. Neuropsychologia, 6. Graf, P. and Schacter, D. L. (1985). Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11. Groome, D. (2006). An introduction to cognitive psychology: processes and disorders. 2nd ed. New York: Psychology Press. McDougall, W. (1923). Outline of Psychology. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. McLeod, S. A. (2007). Short Term Memory. online] Retrieved from: http://www. simplypsychology. org/short-term-memory. html [Accessed: 7 Mar 2013]. McLeod, S. A. (2008). Primacy-Recency. [online] Retrieved from: http://www. simplypsychology. org/primacy-recency. html [Accessed: 7 Mar 2013]. Miller, G. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63. Murd ock, B. B. (1962). The serial position effect of free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64. Myers, D. (2010). Psychology. 9th ed.New York: Worth Publishers. Schacter, D. L. (1987). Implicit Memory: History and Current Status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13 (3). Sperling, G. (1960). The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs, 74. Squire, L. R. (2004). Memory systems of the brain: A brief history and current perspective. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 82. Tulving, E. , Schacter, D. L. , & Stark, H. A. (1982). Priming effects in word-fragment completion are independent of recognition memory.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8. Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds. ), Organization of memory (pp. 381-403). New York: Academic Press. Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology, 26. Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory systems are there? American Psychologist. 40(4). Tulving, E. (1993). What is episodic memory? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2. Tulving, E. (2002). Episodic memory: From mind to brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 53.